Peking Duck (北京烤鸭)

几 ji(3) いくつ？（10以下の数を尋ねるとき）

（単独）一 yi(1)
一天 yì tian(1)（一日）; 一年 yì nián; 一起 yì qi(3)（一緒に）
一次 yí cì（一回）; 一个 yí ge（一個）（"个"はもともと4声）

两个 liang(3) ge ふたつ(二個）

11～99

十一	十二	十三	十四	十五	十六	十七
shíyi(1)	shí'èr	shísan(1)	shísì	shíwu(3)	shíliù	shíqi(1)

十八	十九	二十	二十一	二十二	三十	四十
shíba(1)	shíjiu(3)	èrshí	èrshiyi(1)	èrshi'èr	san(1)shí	sìshí

五十	六十	七十	八十	九十	九十一
wu(3)shí	liùshí	qi(1)shí	ba(1)shí	jiu(3)shí	jiu(3)shiyi(1)

九十二	九十三	九十四	九十五
jiu(3)shi'èr	jiu(3)shisan(1)	jiu(3)shisì	jiu(3)shiwu(3)

九十六	九十七	九十八	九十九
jiu(3)shiliù	jiu(3)shiqi(1)	jiu(3)shiba(1)	jiu(3)shijiu(3)

多少 duo(1)shao いくつ？（10以上の数を尋ねるとき）

100以上の数

一百 (100)	一百零一 (101)	一百一（= 一百一十） (110)	一百一十一 (111)	一百一十二 (112)
yìbai(3)	yìbai(3) líng yi(1)	yìbai(3) yi(1) (= yìbai(3) yi(1)shí）	yìbai(3) yi(1)shiyi(1)	yìbai(3) yi(1)shi'èr

二百 (200)	三百 (300)	一千零八 (1008)	一千零八十 (1080)	一千八（= 一千八百） (1800)
èrbai(3)	san(1)bai(3)	yìqian(1) líng ba(1)	yìqian(1) líng ba(1)shí	yìqian(1) ba(1) (= yìqian(1) ba(1)bai(3)

两千 (2000)	两千二（= 两千二百） (2200)
liang(3)qian(1)	liang(3)qian(1) èr (= liang(3)qian(1) èrbai(3))

一万 (10000)	两万 (20000)	两万二（= 两万二千） (22000)	一万万(= 一亿) (1億)
yíwàn	liang(3)wàn	liang(3)wàn èr (=liang(3)wàn èrqian(1))	yíwànwàn (= yíyì)

2004-04-01T07:17:00.000+09:00

中国語の音節（アルファベット順）

a (a～ao)

啊 a(1)
矮 ai(3); 爱 ài: 爱人 -ren
安 an(1)
肮 ang(1)
凹 ao(1)

b (ba～bu)

八 ba(1); 把 ba(3); 爸 bà; 吧 ba: 三把椅子 san(1) - yi(3)zi
白 bái
班, 搬 ban(1); 办，半 bàn
帮 bang(1)
包 bao(1);报 bào: 报纸 -zhi(3) 新聞, 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào
背せおう, 肩にかける bei(1); 北 bei(3); 背, 被 bèi
奔 ben(1); 本 ben(3): 两本书
崩 beng(1)
逼 bi(1); 鼻 bí; 比, 笔 bi(3): 鼻子 -zi; 笔试 -shì
边, 编 bian(1); 遍 biàn
标 biao(1); 表 biao(3)
憋 bie(1); 别 pié
宾 bin(1)
冰 bing(1)
播 bo(1); 脖 bó: 脖子くび -zi
不 bù: 不说 bù shuo(1); 不忙 bù mán; 不好 bù hao(3); 不见 bú jiàn（会わない）; 不近 bú jìn; 不是 bú shi（"是 "は"不"のあとでは軽声になる）

c (ca～cuo)

擦 ca(1)
猜 cai(1); 才 cái; 踩ふみつける cai(3);菜 cài
餐 can(1)
仓 cang(1)
操 cao(1)
测 cè
岑 cén
层 céng
插 cha(1); 茶, 查 chá; 差 chà: 差五分七点 - wu(3) fen(1) qi(1) dian(3) 7時5分前
拆 chai(1)
掺 chan(1)
昌 chang(1); 尝あじあう, 长 cháng; 唱 chàng: 多长时间 duo(1) - shíjian(1) どのくらい長い時間
超 chao(1); 炒 chao(3)
车 che(1)
嗔 chen(1); 沉 chén; 趁, 衬 chèn: 衬衫 -shan(1) シャツ、ブラウス
撑 cheng(1); 盛 chéng
吃 chi(1); 迟 chí: 吃饭 - fàn
充 chong(1)
抽　（タバコを）すう chou(1): 抽烟 - yan(1)
出 chu(1)
揣 chuai(1)
穿, 川 chuan(1)；船 chuán
窗 chuang(1)
吹 chui(1)
春 chun(1): 春天 -tian(1)
戳 chuo(1)
疵 ci(1); 词 cí; 次 cì: 词典 -dian(3)
聪 cong(1); 从 cóng
凑 còu
粗 chu(1)
窜 cuàn
催 cui(1)
村 cun(1)
搓 cuo(1)

d (da～duo)

答 da(1); 打 da(3); 大 dà: 大家 - jiá, 多大？ duo(1) - ? いくつ（年齢を聞く）
呆 dai(1); 戴, 带, 待 dài: 这一带 zhè yí - このあたり
担かつぐ, 单 dan(1)
当（ある職業に）つく。dang(1): 当时 - shí
刀 dao(1); 倒 dao(3); 到 dào
德 dé; 的, 得, 地 de
得 ... しなければならない。děi
登（蹬）強く踏む, 灯 deng(1); 等 deng(3) 待つ
低 di(1); 第, 弟 dì: 弟弟 dìdi
嗲 dia(3)
颠 dian(1); 点 dian(3); 电 diàn: 电视机 -shìji(1) テレビ(本体）; 电影 -ying(3)
雕 diao(1); 掉, 钓 diào
跌ころぶ die(1)
叮, 钉 ding(1); 定, 订予約する。dìng
丢 diu(1)
东, 冬 dong(1); 懂 dong(3); 冻, 动 dòng: 东西 - xi 品物, 东京 - jing(1); 冻冰 - bing(1)
都, 兜 dou(1)
督 du(1); 读 dú 肚 dù: 肚子はら -zi
端 duan(1); 短 duan(3)
堆 dui(1); 对 duì: 对不对 - bu - ? そうでしょう。（「たぶんそうではないか｣と予想して）; 对吗? - ma? そうですか。（何も予想せずに聞いている感じ）
蹲しゃがむ dun(1)
多 duo(1); 朵 duo(3): 一个多月 yí ge - yuè 一ヶ月あまり; 一朵花 yì - hua(1)

e (e～er)

俄腹が減る。è
恩 en(1)
儿 ér; 耳 ěr; èr: 儿子息子 érzi; 女儿娘 nü(3)'ér; 耳朵みみ -duo

f (fa～fu)

发 fa(1)
翻とんぼがえりする fan(1); 饭 fàn
方 fang(1); 房 fáng; 放 fàng: 放糖 - táng; 房间 -jian(1)
飞, 非 fei(1): 飞机 -ji(1)
分 fen(1)；份 fèn
封, 风 feng(1): 风景 -jing(3)
佛 fó
否 fou(3)
夫 fu(1); 父 fù: 父亲 -qin

g (ga～guo)

伽 ga(1)
该 gai(1); 改 gai(3); 概 gài: 大概 dà- 多分、おそらく
肝 gan(1); 干 gàn
刚 gang(1)
高 gao(1); 告 gào
哥, 歌 ge(1); 个 ge: 哥哥 -ge 兄, 唱歌 chàng -; 一个人
胳 ge(1);: 胳膊うで ge(1)bo
给 gěi
跟, 根 gen(1)
耕 geng(1); 更 gèng
公, 功 gong(1): 公司 -si(1)
钩 gou(1)
孤 gu(1)
刮, 瓜 gua(1); 挂 guà: 刮风
乖 guai(1); 拐 guai(3)
关 guan(1)
光 guang(1); 逛（公園などを）ぶらぶらする。guàng
规 gui(1); 跪ひざまづく, 贵 guì
滚ころぶ gun(3)
锅 guo(1); 过 guò; 过 guo

h (ha～huo)

哈 ha(1)
还 hái; 海 hai(3): 上海 Shànghai(3)
汉 hàn
夯 hang(1)
好 hao(3); 号 hào: 好看 hao(3)kàn 美しい
喝のむ he(1); 和 hé: 喝咖啡 - ka(1)fei(1), 茶 chá
黑 hei(1): 黑板 -ban(3)
很 hen(3)
横 héng
轰 hong(1)
后 hòu
湖 hú
花 hua(1)；画, 话 huà: 画画 - huà 絵を描く
坏 huài わるい
欢 huan(1)
慌 huang(1)
灰 hui(1); 回 huí; 会 huì: 回来
昏, 婚 hun(1)
火 huo(3); 或 huò

j (ji～jun)

积 ji(1); 挤両方から押す, 几 ji(3); 季, 记, 寄, 既 jì: 几本杂志 - ben(3) zázhì; 季节 -jié
加, 家 jia(1); 架, 价 jià: 加班 - ban(1) 残業する; 回家 huí - 帰宅する; 六架飞机; 物价 wù - 物価
肩, 间 jian(1); 见, 件 jiàn: 洗手间 xi(3)shou(3)- トイレ; 好久不见 hao(3) jiu(3) bú -; 件（量詞）服などを数える
江 jiang(1); 讲 jiang(3)
教 jiao(1); 脚(足首から下） jiao(3); 叫, 较 jiào: 比较 bi(3)-
接 jie(1); 节 jié; 姐 jie(3): 姐姐 -jie 姉
金 jin(1); 紧 jin(3); 进入る, 近 jìn: 太紧 tài - きつすぎる; 附近 fù -
经, 惊 jing(1); 净 jìng: 经常つねに -cháng
窘 jiong(3)
纠 jiu(1); 九, 久, 酒 jiu(3); 就, 旧 jiù 古い: 好久 hao(3) - （とても長いこと）, 啤酒 pí-; 就是 ... でさえも - shì
居 ju(1); 局 jú; 句 jù: 邮局 yóu-
捐 juan(1)
觉; 绝 jué: 觉得感じる - de
均 jun(1)

k (ka～kuo)

卡 ka(3): 卡车 -che(1) トラック
开 kai(1)
刊 kan(1); 看 kàn: 看书 - shu(1)
康 kang(1)扛 (肩で）かつぐ káng
考 kao(3); 靠もたれる、よりかかる kào: 考试 - shì
可 ke(3); 刻, 客 kè: 客厅 -ting(1) 客間, 客人 - ren
剋 kei(1)
肯 ken(3)
坑 keng(1)
空 kong(1)；恐 kong(3): 恐怕おそらく - pà
口 kou(3)
哭 ku(1)
夸 kua(1)
快 kuài 早い
宽 kuan(1); 款 kuan(3): 款式 -shì （服の）デザイン
狂 kuáng
亏 kui(1)
困 kùn
阔 kuò

l (la～luo)

拉 la(1); 辣 là; 啦 la
来 lái; 赖 lài
篮 lán
浪 làng
捞 lao(1); 老, 姥 lao(3): 老爷 -ye 母方のおじいさん, 姥姥 -lao 母方のおばあさん, 老师 -shi(1)
乐 lè; 了 le
累疲れている。, 泪 lèi
冷 leng(3)
离 lí; 里, 理 li(3);
俩 lia(3)
连 lián; 脸かお lian(3)
两 liang(3); 辆, 亮 liàng: 八辆汽车
料 liào
列 liè
林 lín
零 líng; 领 ling(3): 零钱 -qián
溜, 六 liu(1)流 líu
聋 lóng
楼 lóu; 漏 lòu: 楼下 -xìa 下の階
路 lù
旅 lü(3)
乱 luàn
略 lüè
轮 lún
落 luò

m (m～mu)

m
妈 ma(1): 妈妈 ma(1)ma
埋 mái; 买 mai(3)
慢 màn
忙 máng
猫 mao(1)
么 me
美 mei(3); 妹 mèi: 妹妹 -mei
门 mén
梦 mèng
米 mi(3); 秘 mì: 米饭 -fàn; 秘书 -shu(1)
面 miàn: 面粉 -fen(3) 小麦粉, 面包 -bao(1)
描 miáo
灭 miè
民 mín
明 míng
谬 mìu
摸 mo(1)
谋 móu
目 mù

n (na～nuo)

拿 ná 哪 na(3); 那 nà: 哪个 na(3)ge; 哪怕たとえ ... でも。- pà; 那个 nàge
奶 nai(3): 奶奶 -nai 父方のおばあさん
南 nán
囊 náng
脑 nao(3): 脑袋あたま -dai
讷 nè
哪 nei(3); 那, 内 nèi: 哪个 nei(3)ge　どれ（話）; 那个 nèige それ、あれ（話）
嫩 nèn
能 néng
ng
泥 ní
年 nián: 年龄 -líng; 年轻 -qing(1) 若い
娘 niáng
鸟 niao(3)
捏 nie(1)
您 nín
宁 niáng
牛 niú
浓 nóng
耨 nòu
努 nu(3)
女 nü(3): 女士（さん）nü(3)shì
暖 nuan(3)
疟 nüè
挪 nuó

p (pa～pu)

趴腹ばいになる pa(1); 爬はう、はいのぼる pá; 怕心配する pà
排 pái; 派 pài
盘 pá:n
旁 páng
跑走る pao(3)
配 pèi
盆 pén
朋 péng; 碰 pèng: 朋友 -you
匹, 皮 pí; 屁 pì: 十匹马; 屁股 -gu
便 pián; 片 piàn: 便宜 -yi 安い
飘 piao(1); 漂, 票 piào: 漂亮 -liang きれいである; 邮票 yóu-
撇 pie(3)
品 pin(3)
平 píng
破 pò
剖 pou(1)
普 pu(3)

q (qi～qun)

七 qi(1); 骑 qí; 起 qi(3), 汽 qì
恰 qià
铅, 千 qian(1); 前, 钱 qián; 浅 qian(3): 铅笔 -bi(3); 前门 - mén 表門; 钱包 -bao(1)
腔 qiang(1)
敲 qiao(1); 瞧みる qiáo
切 qiè
亲 qin(1): 父亲 fù-, 母亲 mu(3)-
轻 qing(1); 请 qing(3): 年轻 nián- 若い
穷 qióng
秋 qiu(1): 秋天 -tian(1)
躯 qu(1); 取 qu(3); 去 qù
圈 quan(1); 全, 拳 quán
缺 que(1)
群 qún

r (ran～ruo)

燃 rán
让 ràng
绕 rào
热 rè: 热闹 -nao 賑やかだ
人 rén; 认 rèn: 认识 -shi 知っている
扔 reng(3)
日 rì
容; 荣 róng: 内容 nèi-
肉 ròu
入 rù
软 ruan(3)
锐 ruì
润 rùn
弱 ruò

s (sa～suo)

洒, 撒 sa(3)
赛 sài
三 san(1)
丧 sang(1)
扫 sao(3)
色 sè
森 sen(1)
僧 seng(1)
沙 sha(1); 傻 sha(3)
晒 shài
山 shan(1)
商 shang(1);上 shàng
稍, 烧 shao(1); 少 shao(3)
舌 shé: 舌头した -tou
谁 shéi
伸, 深, 身 shen(1); 什 shén: 什么 shénme
生 sheng(1); 剩 shèng: 生词 -cí　新出単語
诗, 士, 湿 shi(1); 十, 时shí; 试, 事, 是, 视 shì: 时候; 小时 xiao(3)-; 电视 diàn-
收 shou(1); 手 shou(3); 瘦, 售 shòu: 售货员 -huòyuán 店員、販売係
输, 书 shu(1); 熟 shú; 树 shù: 书包 -bao(1)
刷 shua(1)
摔 shuai(1)
拴 shuan(1)
霜 shuang(1)
谁 shuí;水 shui(3); 睡 shuì
顺 shùn
说 shuo(1)
私 si(1); 死 si(3); 四 sì
松 song(1); 送 sòng
搜 sou(1)
苏 su(1)
算 suàn
岁, 碎 suì
孙 sun(1)
缩 suo(1); 锁 suo(3)

t (ta～tuo)

他, 她, 它 ta(1); 踏 tà
抬 taí
踢ける ti(1); 台 tái; 太 tài: 太远 - yuan(3) 遠すぎる
谈 tán
糖 táng; 躺横になる tang(3)
掏 tao(1)
特 tè: 人特好 rén - hao(3) とってもいい人
疼痛い。téng(1)
体 ti(3); 替 tì
添, 天 tian(1); 舔なめる tián
条 tiáo; 跳 tiào: 一条狗 yì - gou(3)
铁 tie(3)
听, 厅 ting(1); 停 tíng; 挺 ting(3): 听音乐 - yin(1)yuè, 客厅 kè- 客間、応接間; 那个挺小。Nàge - xiao(3).　それはとても小さい。
同 ... と。tóng: 同学（君・さん）-xué
头（頭の総称） tóu; 透 tòu: 九头牛, 头发 -fa
凸 tu(1); 吐 tu(3)
团 tuán
推押す tui(1); 腿(足首から上） tui(3); 退 tùi
吞 tun(1)
拖 tuo(1)

w (wa～wu)

蛙 wa(1)
外 wài: 外国 -guó
完, 玩 wán; 晚 wan(3): 晚上 - shang
往 wang(3); 忘 wàng
尾 wei(3); 位, 为 wèi
闻（においを）かぐ, 文 wén; 问 wèn: 请问 qing(3) -, 没问题 méi - tí 問題ない、大丈夫
温 weng(1)
我 wo(3)
屋 wu(1); 五, 午 wu(3); 物 wù: 屋子 -zi 部屋; 午饭 -fàn 昼飯; 物价 -jià

x (xi～xun)

吸, 西 xi(1); 洗 xi(3)
下, 吓 xià: 下雨，下雪
先 xian(1); 咸 xián; 险 xian(3): 先生（先生・氏） xian(1)sheng
想, 响 xiang(3); 像, 项 xiàng
小 xiao(3); 笑, 校 xiào: 小孩子; 学 xué-; 小姐 -jie
歇休憩する xie(1); 鞋 xié; 写 xie(3)
新, 心 xin(1); 信 xìn: 新加坡 -jia(1)po(1); 心肠気持ち - cháng; 不小心 bù xiao(3) - うっかりして
形, 行 xíng; 醒 xing(3); 姓 xìng: 行李 -li 荷物; 您贵姓 nín guì -
兄, 胸 xiong(1): 兄弟 -dì
休 xiu(1)
虚 xu(1)
旋 xuán; 选 xuan(3)
学 xué
讯 xùn

y (ya～yun)

牙 yá; 呀 ya: 牙齿 -chi(3)
烟 yan(1); 盐, 颜 yán, 眼 yan(3): 眼睛め -jing; 颜色 -sè
阳 yáng
腰 yao(1); 咬 yao(3); 要, 药薬。yào
爷 yé; 夜 yè; 也 ye(3): 爷爷 -ye
衣, 一 yi(1); 已 yi(3); 意 yì: 大衣 tà- コート; 有意思 you(3) - si 面白い
音 yin(1)
赢 yíng; 硬 yìng
yo(1)
用 yòng
游泳ぐ, 邮 yóu; 有 you(3); 又 yòu: 记念邮票 jìniàn - piào
鱼 yú; 雨 yu(3)
远 yuan(3)
越, 月 yuè
云 yún; 熨 yùn

z (za～zuo)

扎 za(1)
在, 再 zài
咱 zán: 咱们わたしたち
脏 zang(1)
糟 zao(1); 早 zao(3): 早上 -shang 朝
则 zé
贼 zéi
怎 zen(3)
增 zeng(1)
扎 zha(1)
窄 zhai(3)
站立つ zhàn: 车站 che(1)- 駅、停留所
张 zhang(1): 四张纸
着 zháo; 找 zhao(3); 照 zhào: 照相（像）机 - xiàngji(1)
遮 zhé　这 zhè(zhéi); 着 zhe: 这个 zhège(zhèige); 这儿 zhèr ここ
真 zhen(1): 真的 - de 本当だ、本当に
整 zheng(3)
枝, 只, 直 zhi(1); 指, 纸 zhi(3): 五枝钢笔; 七只船; 指甲つめ -jia, 指头ゆび -tou
钟 zhong(1)
州, 周, 粥 zhou(1): 苏州 Su(1) - 蘇州
住, 注 zhù
爪 zhua(1)
拽 zhuài
专 zhuan(1)
装 zhuang(1)
追 zhui(1)
准 zhun(3)
桌 zhuo(1): 桌子 -zi 机、テーブル
自, 字 zì: 自行车 - xíngche(1) 自転車
总 zong(3)
走 zou(3)
足 zú; 组 zu(3)
钻もぐる zuan(1)
嘴くち zui(3); 最 zuì: 最近 -jìn
尊 zun(1)
左 zuo(3); 作, 坐, 做 zuò: 二十分钟左右 èr shí fen(1) zhong(1) - yòu

2004-03-31T06:44:00.000+09:00

Pronunciation

The primary purpose of pinyin in Chinese schools is to teach Mandarin pronunciation. Many in the West are under the mistaken belief that pinyin is used to help children associate characters with spoken words which they already know, but this is incorrect as many Chinese do not use Mandarin at home, and therefore do not know the Mandarin pronunciation of words until they learn them in elementary school through the use of pinyin. Pinyin uses the Roman alphabet, hence the pronunciation is relatively straightforward for Westerners. A pitfall for novices is, however, the unusual pronunciation of "x", "q" and (for English speakers) "c" and "z". The sounds represented by "x" and "q" in Western languages don't exist in Chinese, so the Pinyin system "recycles" them and assigns them other sounds: "x" represents a soft "sh" (like the "sh" in "sharp" but not as fully sounding), "q" represents a soft "ch" (again, like the "ch" in "chin" but not quite). The "c" is pronounced like "ts", "z" like "ds". Finally, "ü" stands for the same sound as in German and "u" is pronounced like "ü" if it follows "y", "x", "j" or "q". The combined initials, vowels, and finals represent the segmental phonemic portion of the language.

More detailed pronuciation rules:

Source: Pinyin - Wikipedia

2004-03-30T07:30:00.000+09:00

Tones（声調）:

Initially, the four tones (四声） of Mandarin might sound quite similar to you. However, by the end of just one hour of class you should be able to hear the differences among the four tones. By the end of another one or two days you ought to be able to distinguish the differences in your own pronunciation, but only for single syllables spoken in isolation. The real challenge will come when syllables are strung together to form words, phrases and sentences. Getting the tone right for each syllable in a longer string of syllables is something you will have to pay particular attention to for a significantly longer period of time.

A considerable amount of misunderstanding exists about Mandarin tones. In particular, many first-time learners are told how easy it is to utter something unintended by failing to utilize the correct tone, for instance blurting out "I came here on a fat chicken" when what you intended to say was "I came here by airplane". In actuality, you must first get to the point where you can produce natural and authentic Mandarin tonal contours on a consistent basis before you are capable of making that kind of error. In the beginning, before your tonal contours are clear and consistent, you are much more likely to sound very garbled, creating things with the equivalent clarity of "Ah keem har by futpleen". In other words, in the beginning, your problem will likely be the frequent use of pseudo-tones that are not very recognizable as tones to native speakers. Furthermore, you would not even be able to repeat them on a consistent basis. Under your primitive control of tones, the listener is forced to filter out the distracting noise and make an educated guess as to what you were really trying to say. To get to the point as quickly as possible where real Mandarin tones are coming out of your mouth on command, a word or two about how tone in Chinese is produced and how it is best represented are in order.

Tone in Chinese is formed by controlling the pitch of your voice to form a distinctive pitch contour. By maintaining or changing your pitch over the entire duration of the syllable you are able to control the pitch contour for that syllable. To make your tones sound as natural as possible, you should keep the following two points in mind:

Each tone has a fixed, underlying contour such as level, rising or falling. There are no fixed frequencies for these contours, however. Just how high or how low the frequency of a particular tone should be will vary on the basis of individual voice type, rate of speech and emotional state at the time the syllable is spoken. A good tone is best characterized in terms of its starting point and end point within any particular speaker's normal voice range. For several decades Chinese linguists have been using a convention devised by Y. R. Chao to indicate fixed, underlying tonal contours. Based on a relative scale of 1 through 5, with 1 indicating the low point of a person's normal pitch range and 5 indicating the high point, it is possible to describe any level, rising or falling contour in terms of its starting point and its endpoint. A high, level tone is thus represented as 55, while a full falling tone is represented as 51. For tones that dip or peak, a mid-point is added in addition to a starting point and an endpoint. A tone that starts low, goes down even further and then rises to a point somewhere around the mid-level of a person's normal pitch range would be written as 213. Using this system we can now look at the four underlying contours of Mandarin. Tone 1 high level 55 ma 'mother' （妈）

Tone 2 mid rising 35 ma 'hemp' （麻）

Tone 3 low falling 21* ma 'horse' （马）

Tone 4 high falling 51 ma 'to scold/curse' （骂）

*Traditionally, the Mandarin tone 3 contour is portrayed as being 213. However, this contour is only used for individual tone 3 syllables spoken in isolation or spoken directly before a pause. The rest of the time, when the tone 3 syllable is directly followed by another syllable (i.e. in the vast majority of cases that a tone 3 syllable is spoken), a 21 contour is normally used. This tone 3 contour is nothing more than a low, gravely voice. Additionally, in Taiwan, many native speakers no longer use the 213 contour, even when the tone 3 syllable is spoken in isolation. Finally, it has been observed that when tone 3 is taught as having an underlying 213 contour, many students experience long-term difficulty discriminating that contour from the tone 2 contour (35). However, it has been reported that this problem is largely avoided when tone 3 is instead taught as having an underlying 21 contour. For all of these reasons tone 3 is taught here as having a 21 contour.

Source: Pronunciation & Romanization

2004-03-29T09:36:00.000+09:00

Test charts for tonal pinyin in Unicode Web pages.

一声(**)		二声		三声(***)
Character	Code	Character	Code	Character	Code
ā	ā	á	á	ǎ	ǎ
ē	ē	é	é	ě	ě
ī	ī	í	í	ǐ	ǐ
ō	ō	ó	ó	ǒ	ǒ
ū	ū	ú	ú	ǔ	ǔ
ǖ	ǖ	ǘ	ǘ	ǚ	ǚ

(**) (一声= with a macron ￣ placed over a vowel)
Post | Preview 画面では正常に表現されるもののスクリンで文字化けする（Windows 98）。Windows XP では正しくスクリンに反映される。
(***) (三声= with a hacek or a caron placed over a vowel)
ě 以外の Character は文字化けする。

四声
Character	Code
à	a`&#`768;
è	e`&#`768;
ì	i`&#`768;
ò	o`&#`768;
ù	u`&#`768;
ǜ	ü`&#`768;

Source: Test page for displaying pinyin tone marks with Unicode.

2004-03-29T08:29:00.000+09:00

Writing Pinyin（拼音）

When writing in pinyin, the 2nd and 4th tones are easy. They are just the acute and grave accents and are part of any standard font. But the 1st and 3rd tones and tone marks over the u with umlaut are harder. The 1st tone is called the macron and the 3rd tone the caron.

I (*Helmer Aslaksen) will demonstrate two methods for inputting pinyin.

My (*his) first method is to use Unicode character codes, either numeric character reference or named character entities. This is not as hard as it seems. If you write a lot of pinyin and use a smart editor, you can define keyboard macros, or write things like “zha1ng” and then do a replace at the end. If your editor is smart, you can even define a script that does this for all the combinations.

Or you can simply use the wonderful Pinyin to Unicode Converter at Konrad Mitchell Lawson's The Fool's Workshop. You just input “zhong1guo2 shi4 shi4jie4 zui4 hao3 de guo2jia1” and out comes “zhōngguó shì shìjiè zuì hǎo de guójiā” in both Unicode and character codes.

Latin-1 Supplement - Unicode U+0080 - U+00FF - (128-255)

Character	Code	Code	Code
á	`&#`225;	`&#`xE1;	`&`aacute;
à	`&#`224;	`&#`xE0;	`&`agrave;
é	`&#`233;	`&#`xE9;	`&`eacute;
è	`&#`232;	`&#`xE8;	`&`egrave;
í	`&#`237;	`&#`xED;	`&`iacute;
ì	`&#`236;	`&#`xEC;	`&`igrave;
ó	`&#`243;	`&#`xF3;	`&`oacute;
ò	`&#`242;	`&#`xF2;	`&`ograve;
ú	`&#`250;	`&#`xFA;	`&`uacute;
ù	`&#`249;	`&#`xF9;	`&`ugrave;
ü	`&#`252;	`&#`xFC;	`&`uuml;

subtract 32 for upper case

Latin Extended-A - Unicode U+0100 - U+017F - (256-383)

Character(*)	Code	Code
ā	`&#`257;	`&#`x101;
ē	`&#`275;	`&#`x113;
ě	`&#`283;	`&#`x11B;
ī	`&#`299;	`&#`x12B;
ō	`&#`333;	`&#`x14D;
ū	`&#`363;	`&#`x16B;

(*) Post | Preview 画面では正常に表現されるものの、 1) Windows 98SE で ě 以外の Character (with a macron ￣ placed over a vowel) はスクリン上で文字化けする。2) Windows XP では全部が正常に表示される。
・subtract 1 for upper case

Source: Reading and Writing Chinese Characters and Pinyin on the Web Using Unicode by Helmer Aslaksen

2004-03-28T08:11:00.000+09:00

这是正宗的北京烤鸭。 zhè shì zhèng zong(1) de Běijing(1) kao(3) ya(1)。
怎么个吃法? Zěn me gè chi(1) fa(3)?